Developmental Bibliotherapy – using books to guide young people through adolescence

Development Bibliotherapy - using books to guide young people through adolescence

Students need school librarians and dedicated reading programs to enhance their mental health and wellbeing.

Not only does reading fiction help adolescents navigate personal and emotional development during their teens, but developing a reading habit can help to mitigate the disruptive effects of mental health throughout their entire lives.

As we read stories mirror neurons in our brains learn from imagining the story almost as much as if we were the characters in the story ourselves. We are learning vicariously, practicing and testing alternative responses for later use as we accompany our fictional heroes through the pages of the novel.

What’s special about stories?

Stories show us that it’s okay to fail, that mistakes are opportunities for learning, that courage isn’t an absence of fear, and that not everyone is as they seem.

Stories help us identify and refine our values and ideals, show us what resilience looks like, help us to define our goals and encourage us to explore our emotions.

Stories reflect and validate our lived experiences, help us to accept our past, help us to create order from our chaotic lives, and encourage us to be optimistic about the future.

Stories comfort us, help us connect with others and make us feel less alone.

Stories reframe our problems, help us create distance and see different perspectives, and nurture optimism, hope and self-efficacy.

Stories promote empathy and compassion, remove stigmas and stereotypes, help us to embrace diversity, and help us to be more accepting of ourselves by showing us a wider view of normal.

Stories introduce us to ancient wisdom and create intergenerational connections.

Stories help us to understand our world and help us to recognise the importance of our own life story as part of a bigger picture.

Stories give us answers to questions we don’t know how to ask.

Stories give us role models to inspire us to persevere and improve, to empower us to speak out, to join in celebrating the successes of others, and to help us to be grateful and accepting of ourselves.

Stories give us the insight, the language and the confidence to seek help when we need to share our concerns or can’t manage alone.

Stories are not only the easiest way but sometimes the only way to learn about ourselves, and find our place in the society and the world we inhabit, from a safe and secure place.

Who can ensure our students are learning these things if not the teacher librarian?

Developmental Bibliotherapy occurs when Young People recognise that a change has taken place in their thoughts, feelings, beliefs or behaviours.

Implementing Developmental Bibliotherapy can take as little as five minutes or can be developed into a unit of work. Whether as an informal chat, recalling an event or quote, creating a piece of artwork or writing a book review, Developmental Bibliotherapy is almost certainly taking place in every library wherever a skilful teacher librarian is talking to young people about the books they are reading.

Simply put, Developmental Bibliotherapy is a process by which a reader, after reflecting on significant characters or events in a story, makes a conscious change in their thoughts or beliefs.

Although reading fiction is not a panacea, by showing young people a wider view of normal, by allowing them to explore their emotions and their identity alongside fictional heroes, by removing stigmas and stereotypes and by giving them the language and the confidence to seek answers from trusted adults, Developmental Bibliotherapy programs gives students skills that can promote better mental health outcomes throughout their lives.

Implementing Developmental Bibliotherapy – a few simple ideas

If an activity results in the reader reflecting and articulating a positive change in their thoughts, feelings, beliefs or behaviours then Developmental Bibliotherapy has been in effect.

Depending on the age level of the readers, some activities you might easily implement include:

Ask individuals…
Would you like to be any of the characters in the book [they are reading] and why/why not?
Would you like any of the characters in the book as a friend and why/why not?
What are the personal qualities that make [this character] a good/bad friend?

Have students create a bookmark with a quotation from the book and talk to them about the significance of their choice of quotation.

Create a template for a book review that includes guided questions to encourage reflection.

NOTE: Books do not judge and neither should librarians – remember that in developmental Bibliotherapy activities there are no wrong answers.

Two reasons why a Teacher Librarian is the best person to implement Developmental Bibliotherapy

Teacher Librarians love to talk about books. And Teacher Librarians provide guidance, encouragement opportunities for learning without grades.

For more details and resources on how Developmental Bibliotherapy promotes better mental health outcomes in teens see https://www.scoop.it/topic/developmental-bibliotherapy 

Judith Wakeman, October 2019

JLW ID Photo 2019

More about the author

Judith combines a Bachelor of Education with Graduate Diplomas in Computer Science and Information Management alongside a seemingly insatiable thirst for knowledge and a love of books in her current role.

As a teacher librarian, Judith quickly realises the special relationships many students build with their school librarian, helping them view their library as a safe place – a learning environment where they are able to explore ideas and be themselves free of judgement from others.

Her extensive reading comprises largely of books from the Young Adult genre. She has studied Bibliotherapy and Youth Mental Health First Aid, and believes that the school library can be one of many exciting and colourful pathways to building and maintaining good mental health and resilience for young people struggling with life pressures.

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Report: Research Evidence on Reading for Pleasure

The first section of the document highlights research evidence on reading for pleasure from domestic and international literature; exploring evidence on the trends and benefits of independent reading amongst both primary and secondary- aged children, as well as why children read.

The second section covers the evidence on what works in promoting reading for pleasure.

Reference: UK Department for Education. (2012). Research evidence on reading for pleasure. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/research-evidence-on-reading-for-pleasure

Read the report on the UK Government website

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Author Nick Earl

It’s Not About Shelving The Books and Keeping Kids Quiet

It’s Not About Shelving The Books and Keeping Kids Quiet

This post was originally published on Nick Earls' blog on 21/09/2015.

Some schools no longer have teacher-librarians and, the more I see of teacher-librarians, the less sense that makes to me. What’s next? No teachers? Kids turning up to the classroom each morning and inventing the day ahead? Maybe there’s a note on the door about what the curriculum has in mind, maybe there isn’t …

Each time I’m told that a school no longer has a teacher-librarian, I’m told that the school still has a library, as though the building does the job all by itself. I imagine, as usual, classroom teachers are expected to take up the slack and add the library to their already overcrowded list of duties. And kids are taught how to check books out, as if they’ve suddenly been up-skilled, and as if that’s what it is that teacher-librarians do (along with putting them back in the right place, and stopping things getting too noisy).

Some news for schools thinking of going librarian-free: having some books on shelves in the school’s second-biggest building – along with a chillout zone with half a dozen lunch-stained beanbags – does little for your students lives without a well-trained passionate human or two in there to wake the place up and get the most out of it.

Some advice to anyone running school budgets anywhere: CUT THE TEACHER-LIBRARIANS LAST. Cut other things and give the T/Ls more money. Cut other things and hire more of them. Sell as many lamingtons as you need to to keep them. Because I’ve seen what they do. I’ve seen it plenty of times, but let me name a couple of recent schools that brought the importance of teacher-librarians home to me: St Eugene College, Burpengary and Emmaus College, Jimboomba (two places almost an hour’s drive from Brisbane’s CBD, in opposite directions).

The librarians in these schools worked in different ways, but in each place there was a passion to create a reading culture, and a whole lot of imagination applied to ways of doing that. Why does that matter? Okay, so I like books, and I like the idea of promoting reading, but that’s about 5% of it. Promoting reading does far far more than that.

Promoting reading promotes literacy and prepares students for life. Promoting reading promotes questioning, exploring and thinking. Reading broadens a student’s view of the world, knowledge of it and understanding of it. Reading can dramatically increase a student’s options for the future. Reading can help erase disadvantage and create advantage. Reading can increase understanding and empathy. Time Magazine recently headed an article Reading Literature Makes Us Smarter and Nicer because there’s evidence it can and it does.

Teacher-librarians know that reading (deep reading, the reading of books, whether e or p) can change lives significantly for the better and that’s why, despite us almost always underpaying and overworking them, they keep coming back. And they do change lives. They see it and I’ve seen it.

I’ve seen the alternative too. I’m not saying every school without a dedicated teacher-librarian is automatically diminishing its students prospects, but I’ve been to schools with human-free libraries. One of the more demoralising comes readily to mind, with its half-empty shelves of books from the 60s and 70s (by which I mean not reprints of books from then, but actual books from then, with cinnamon-coloured pages and more dog ears than a puppy farm – books that, if offered as a donation at my local Lifeline bookstore, would be met with a ‘thanks, but no thanks’). The only decoration was a saggy inflatable solar system mobile hanging from the ceiling, planets out of order, Pluto at the margins, still holding on. I’ve spoken in that library with the shelves pushed back, to a cluster of blank-faced kids who had never had the chance to learn how to be an audience, who had never really connected with the idea that books had authors, who had mostly learned to be quiet but perhaps not to listen, who couldn’t think of a question to ask or answer a question asked of them, who didn’t seem to have have been given the tools to play a word game or solve a puzzle.

‘We don’t have a librarian, but they check their own books out,’ I’ve been told. Do they? Really? And what do they do with them then? No one’s morale is high in a room like that, and mine’s around boot-level when I leave, nonetheless determined to go back if the chance arises. Not that sporadic author visits can fix much at all. Put a dedicated teacher-librarian into that building though, and the prospects are very different.

Someone there every day, dedicated to books and reading and bringing skills, imagination, energy and passion, can stop books being a blank, an uninteresting mystery or a chore, and start turning them into access points to stories, entertainment, facts, ideas and a wider world. Not every day will be easy or see great progress and not every child will be won over, but any child who is has his or her life changed for the better. And that is a very very big achievement. We lose something every time we underestimate it.

Nick Earls

Author Nick Earl

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